In this presentation, Dr. Kaz Kagohashi explores the factors that influence the autonomy of local landcare groups and addresses the future challenges for the sustainability of landcare in Australia. Group autonomy is widely recognized as a fundamental principle of Landcare; however, the processes by which autonomy is created and maintained at the community level have not been thoroughly examined. Adopting a capital framework, Kaz argues that the ability to transform financial capital into natural, human, and manufactured capital is crucial for achieving group autonomy. Drawing from this analysis, he will discuss the challenges facing Australian Landcare and its implications for nature conservation in Japan.